linux中的20个高级命令

RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03 inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)禁用BIOS[rumenz@local ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down投入用于BIOS[rumenz@local ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up为BIOS分配 Ip 邮箱

所选 192.168.1.12 作为BIOS eth0 的 IP 邮箱。

[rumenz@local ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12不够换BIOSeth0的子网掩码[rumenz@local ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.不够换BIOS eth0 的广播邮箱[rumenz@local ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255为BIOS eth0 分配 IP 邮箱、网络平台掩码和广播[rumenz@local ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255

Note: 如果用于局域网平台，则无均需用于立即 iwconfig。欲了解到不够多 ifconfig 立即示例和用语，请书本完[15 个可靠的 ifconfig 立即]。

42. netstat立即

netstat立即说明了各种网络平台相关接收者，如网络平台通到、路由表

所列所有网络平台终端[rumenz@local ~]$ netstat -aActive UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Pathunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741379 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpgunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8965 /var/run/acpid.socketunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18584 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741385 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/sshunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741387 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20242 @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13332 /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipeunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13331 /tmp/.winbindd/pipeunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11030 /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sockunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19308 /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 436781 /tmp/HotShotsunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 46110 /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/nativeunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19310 /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent....所列所有 TCP 终端[rumenz@local ~]$ netstat -atActive Internet connections (servers and established)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5901 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5902 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-1 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-2 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5938 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:5940 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHEDtcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHEDtcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHEDtcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED...说明了所有终端的总和接收者[rumenz@local ~]$ netstat -sIp: 4994239 total packets received 0 forwarded 0 incoming packets discarded 4165741 incoming packets delivered 3248924 requests sent out 8 outgoing packets droppedIcmp: 29460 ICMP messages received 566 input ICMP message failed. ICMP input histogram: destination unreachable: 98 redirects: 29362 2918 ICMP messages sent 0 ICMP messages failed ICMP output histogram: destination unreachable: 2918IcmpMsg: InType3: 98 InType5: 29362 OutType3: 2918Tcp: 94533 active connections openings 23 passive connection openings 5870 failed connection attempts 7194 connection resets received....

如果你不该将主机、终端和客户端名解析为 netstat 的编码器。

[rumenz@local ~]$ netstat -an

你显然无均需不停借助 netstat 的编码器，直到通过中止指令（ctrl+c）。

[rumenz@local ~]$ netstat -c43. nslookup立即

一种网络平台实用程序，用以借助有关 Internet 服务器的接收者。；还有，该实用程序通过录入来查找反之亦然的名称服务器接收者DNS.

[rumenz@local ~]$ nslookup rumenz.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: rumenz.com Address: 50.16.67.239录入投递交换记录[rumenz@local ~]$ nslookup -query=mx rumenz.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: rumenz.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. rumenz.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. Authoritative answers can be found from:录入名称服务器[rumenz@local ~]$ nslookup -type=ns rumenz.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: rumenz.com nameserver = ns3404.com. rumenz.com nameserver = ns3403.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:录入 DNS 记录[rumenz@local ~]$ nslookup -type=any rumenz.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: rumenz.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. rumenz.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. rumenz.com nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. rumenz.com nameserver = ns3404.com. rumenz.com nameserver = ns3403.com. rumenz.com nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:录入权限开始[rumenz@local ~]$ nslookup -type=soa rumenz.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: rumenz.com origin = ns3403.hostgator.com mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com serial = 2012081102 refresh = 86400 retry = 7200 expire = 3600000 minimum = 86400 Authoritative answers can be found from:录入终端号

不够换要通到的终端号

[rumenz@local ~]$ nslookup -port 56 rumenz.comServer: rumenz.comAddress: 50.16.76.239#53Name: 56Address: 14.13.253.1244. dig立即

dig是一个录入工具箱DNSnameservers 借助有关主机邮箱、投递交换、名称服务器和相关接收者的接收者。这个工具箱可以在任何 Linux (Unix) 或Macintosh OS X操作子系统。最典型的用途dig是简单地录入单个主机。

[rumenz@local ~]$ dig rumenz.com; > DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 > rumenz.com ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<关闭注释讫[rumenz@local ~]$ dig rumenz.com +nocomments ; > DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 > rumenz.com +nocomments ;; global options: +cmd ;rumenz.com. IN A rumenz.com. 14400 IN A 40.216.66.239 ;; Query time: 418 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 45关闭来源段[rumenz@local ~]$ dig rumenz.com +noauthority ; > DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 > rumenz.com +noauthority ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<关闭附加段[rumenz@local ~]$ dig rumenz.com +noadditional ; > DiG 9.9.2-P1 > rumenz.com +noadditional;; global options: +cmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<关闭总和段[rumenz@local ~]$ dig rumenz.com +nostats ; > DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 > rumenz.com +nostats ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<关闭结果段[rumenz@local ~]$ dig rumenz.com +noanswer ; > DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 > rumenz.com +noanswer ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<一次禁用所有部分[rumenz@local ~]$ dig rumenz.com +noall ; > DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 > rumenz.com +noall ;; global options: +cmd45. uptime立即

uptime立即并不均需要打印子系统总共运讫了多稍长时间和子系统的平均负载

[rumenz@local ~]$ uptime14:37:10 up 4:21, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.0446. wall立即

管理员最极为重要的立即之一，wall向用于他们登录的每个人发送最新消息mesg权限特设为 yes。该最新消息可以作为参数说明wall，也可以送达 wall 的标准化输出。

[rumenz@local ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm"Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm47. mesg立即

让你控制人们究竟可以用于 write 立即，通过摄像头向你发送文本。

mesg [n|y]n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen.y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.48. write立即

让你直接将文本送达另一台 Linux 机器人的摄像头，如果 mesg是y。

[rumenz@local ~]$ write ravisaive49. talk立即

对write立即，talk立即可让你与登录客户端交谈。

[rumenz@local ~]$ talk ravisaive

Note: 如果talk立即从未重新安装，你可以随时apt或yum所均需的包。

[rumenz@local ~]$ yum install talkOR[rumenz@local ~]$ apt-get install talk50. w立即

什么立即w 看起来你很引人入胜吗？但实质上只不过。这是一个立即，即使它只有一个字母稍长！立即 w 的组合uptime和who立即一个接一个地发出，按照这个顺序。

[rumenz@local ~]$ w15:05:42 up 4:49, 3 users, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT server tty7 :0 14:06 4:43m 1:42 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo server pts/0 :0.0 14:18 0.00s 0.23s 1.65s gnome-terminal server pts/1 :0.0 14:47 4:43 0.01s 0.01s bash51. rename立即

；还有，此立即早先明文。rename 将通过替换明文名中的第一个匹配项来早先所选的明文。

Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213

只均需录入立即。

rename a1 a0 a? rename a1 a0 a??52. 立即：top

说明了发挥作用CPU.默认情况下，此立即会自动刷新并再次说明了CPU除非说明中止指令，否则处理。

[rumenz@local ~]$ toptop - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57, 2 users, load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21Tasks: 240 total, 1 running, 235 sleeping, 0 stopped, 4 zombie%Cpu(s): 2.0 us, 0.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 stKiB Mem: 2028240 total, 1777848 used, 250392 free, 81804 buffersKiB Swap: 3905532 total, 156748 used, 3748784 free, 381456 cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 23768 ravisaiv 20 0 1428m 571m 41m S 2.3 28.9 14:27.52 firefox 24182 ravisaiv 20 0 511m 132m 25m S 1.7 6.7 2:45.94 plugin-containe 26929 ravisaiv 20 0 5344 1432 972 R 0.7 0.1 0:00.07 top 24875 ravisaiv 20 0 263m 14m 10m S 0.3 0.7 0:02.76 lxterminal 1 root 20 0 3896 1928 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.62 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.06 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/u:0H 8 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/0 9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_bh 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:26.94 rcu_sched 11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.95 watchdog/0 12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:02.00 watchdog/1 13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1 14 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/1 16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H 17 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset 18 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kdevtmpfs 20 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns 21 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 bdi-default 22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kintegrityd 23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd 24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ata_sff53. mkfs.ext4立即

此立即始创一个新的ext4所选设备上的明文子系统，如果在此立即后跟随错误的设备，整个块将被擦除和格式化，因此表示同意不让运讫此立即，除非并且直到你明白你在做什么。

Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted)mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)54. 立即：vi/emacs/nano

vi，emacs,nano是 Linux 中一些最常用的插件。它们通常用以编者文本、配有、明文。

vi 插件[rumenz@local ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) [rumenz@local ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)

[按i 进入弹出方式也，否则你将无法输出任何章节]

echo "Hello" (your text here for the file)alt+x（退出弹出方式也，记得在仍要一个字母之间留存一些小写字母。ctrl+x立即或你的仍要原话将被删除）。:wq!（保存明文，用意味着文本，记住!是遮盖）。nano插件[rumenz@local ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)edit, with the content, required

ctrl +x（关闭插件）。它将说明了编码器为：

Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ? Y Yes N No ^C Cancel

点击 y 到 yes 并输出明文名，你就完成了。

55. 立即：rsync

Rsync脱氧核糖核酸明文并有一个-P连动进度条。所以如果你重新安装了 rsync，你可以用于一个简单的别名。

alias cp='rsync -aP'

现在尝试在终端中脱氧核糖核酸一个大明文并查看包含余下项目的编码器，像是进度条。

此外，保持和公共安全备份是开发人员无均需执讫的最极为重要和最无聊的工作之一。Rsync 是一个并不好的工具箱（存在，还有其他几个）用以在终端中始创和公共安全备份。

[rumenz@local ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/ sending incremental file list IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg sent 2883830 bytes received 31 bytes 5767722.00 bytes/sec total size is 2882771 speedup is 1.00

Note：-z用以压缩，-v 用以简略，-r 用以递归。

56. free立即

搜索内存和天然资源与管理员执讫的任何其他任务一样极为重要，并且free立即来拯救这里。

内存用于从根本上[rumenz@local ~]$ free total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 2028240 1788272 239968 0 69468 363716-/+ buffers/cache: 1355088 673152Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456> 以 KB、MB 或 GB 为单位的许多现代编码器[rumenz@local ~]$ free -b total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 2076917760 1838272512 238645248 0 71348224 372670464-/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824 682663936Swap: 3999264768 160845824 3838418944[rumenz@local ~]$ free -k total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 2028240 1801484 226756 0 69948 363704-/+ buffers/cache: 1367832 660408Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456[rumenz@local ~]$ free -m total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 1980 1762 218 0 68 355-/+ buffers/cache: 1338 641Swap: 3813 153 3660[rumenz@local ~]$ free -g total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 1 1 0 0 0 0-/+ buffers/cache: 1 0Swap: 3 0 3人类可读完格式展览[rumenz@local ~]$ free -h total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 1.9G 1.7G 208M 0B 68M 355M-/+ buffers/cache: 1.3G 632MSwap: 3.7G 153M 3.6G定期检查编码器[rumenz@local ~]$ free -s 3 total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 2028240 1824096 204144 0 70708 364180-/+ buffers/cache: 1389208 639032Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456 total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 2028240 1824192 204048 0 70716 364212-/+ buffers/cache: 1389264 638976Swap: 3905532 157076 374845657. mysqldump立即

你应该早就从该立即的名称中了解到了该立即的实际含义。mysqldump立即将所有或劳定的数据库数据转储（备份）到给定的明文中。例如，

[rumenz@local ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases> /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql

Note：mysqldump无均需运讫 mysql 并正确解密进讫授权。我们早就介绍了一些可靠的 mysqldump用于 mysqldump立即进讫数据库备份的立即

58. mkpasswd立即

制作团队所选稍长度的难以猜测的随机解密。

[rumenz@local ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10zI4+Ybqfx9[rumenz@local ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 w0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk

Note：-l 10转化一个随机解密10字符而-l 20转化字符解密20，它可以特设为任何以给予所均需的结果。此立即并不可靠，通常以GUI实现以转化随机解密。你显然无均需yum或aptexpect' 包来用于这个立即。

[root@rumenz ~]# yum install expect OR[root@rumenz ~]# apt-get install expect59. paste立即

用于讫并入两个或多个解释器

[rumenz@local ~] cat rumenz1.txt #rumenz1.txt明文的章节 123[rumenz@local ~] cat rumenz2.txt #rumenz2.txt 明文的章节 4[rumenz@local ~] cat rumenz3.txt #rumenz3.txt明文的章节 56[rumenz@local ~] paste rumenz1.txt rumenz2.txt rumenz3.txt 12345660. lsof立即

lsof代表 list open files 并说明了你的子系统意味着打开的所有明文。找出哪些发挥作用用于某个明文或说明了单个发挥作用的所有明文并不可靠。

[rumenz@local ~]$ lsof COMMAND PID TID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAMEinit 1 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /init 1 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /init 1 root txt REG 8,1 227432 395571 /sbin/init...

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